建筑节能技术的发展应用和展望

1建筑节能技术的发展应用和展望21 摘要 .........................................................................................................................................72 前言 .........................................................................................................................................83 建筑节能的含义 ...................................................................................................................103.1 节能保温材料 ...................................................................................................................123.2 节水技术及设备 ...............................................................................................................133.3 新能源利用 .......................................................................................................................133.4 节材产品及节能设备 .......................................................................................................133.5 节地技术 ...........................................................................................................................134 建筑节能的重要性 ...............................................................................................................134.1 建筑减排是应对全球气候变化的迫切需要 ...................................................................144.2 建筑节能增长方式，是推动建筑施工企业可持续发展的必然选择 ...........................144.3 建设节能住宅，是推进建筑施工企业发展的有力措施 ...............................................154.4 建筑施工企业的节能建设方式，是提高人居生活质量的有效途径 ...........................154.5 建筑节能是社会发展的需要 ...........................................................................................154.6 建筑节能是减轻大气污染和改善建筑室内热环境的需要 ...........................................164.7 建筑节能是实现“四节二环保”的需要 .......................................................................164.8 建筑节能是建设环境友好型社会的需要 .......................................................................164.9 建筑节能是发展建筑业的需要 .......................................................................................174.10 建筑节能施工，是提升城市形象和品位的应有之策 .................................................175 我国建筑节能的发展 ...........................................................................................................176 国内外建筑节能的现状 .......................................................................................................197 我国建筑节能相关政策 .......................................................................................................228 我国建筑节能的严峻形势 ...................................................................................................239 我国建筑节能中存在的问题 ...............................................................................................249.1 节能降耗政策问题 ...........................................................................................................249.2 节能降耗管理问题 ...........................................................................................................249.3 节能降耗技术问题 ...........................................................................................................259.3.1 设计方面 .......................................................................................................................259.3.3 重视主动式技术而轻视被动式技术 ...........................................................................2510 阻碍我国建筑节能的主要原因 .........................................................................................2610.1.建筑节能意识薄弱 ........................................................................................................2610.2.缺乏有效的新技术、新材料和新管理模式的推广交流平台 ....................................2610.3.法律、法规、政策措施不完善 ....................................................................................2611 建筑节能的相关技术简介 .................................................................................................2611.1 外墙保温技术 .................................................................................................................2611.1.1 外墙保温技术的优点 .................................................................................................2711.1.2 外墙保温技术的缺点 .................................................................................................2711.2 围护结构节能技术 .........................................................................................................2711.2.1 新型建筑维护结构种类 .............................................................................................2811.2.2 节能原理分析 .............................................................................................................2811.2.3 新型维护结构效能分析 .............................................................................................2911.3 通风装置与排风热回收装置 .........................................................................................2911.4 热泵技术 .........................................................................................................................2911.4.1 热泵型家庭热水机组 .................................................................................................29311.4.2 空气源热泵 .................................................................................................................3011.4.3 地下水水源热泵 .........................................................................................................3011.4.4 污水水源热泵 .............................................................................................................3011.4.5 地埋管式土壤源热泵 .................................................................................................3011.4.6 地源热泵技术 .............................................................................................................3111.4.7 大地耦合式热泵 .........................................................................................................3111.4.8 地下水热泵 .................................................................................................................3111.4.9 地表水热泵 .................................................................................................................3211.4.10 太阳能技术 ...............................................................................................................3211.4.10.1 太阳能光电技术 ...................................................................................................3311.4.10.2 太阳能光热技术 ...................................................................................................3511.4.10.3 太阳能光热和光电技术的优点 ...........................................................................3511.4.10.4 太阳能光热技术和光电技术的缺点 ...................................................................3611.4.11 建筑废热(冷)能流技术 ...........................................................................................3611.4.12 热管回收废热和废冷技术 .......................................................................................3611.4.12.1 热管换热器的优点 ...............................................................................................3711.4.12.2 热管技术在建筑节能中应用的形式 ...................................................................3711.4.12.3 热管技术在实际应用中存在的问题 ...................................................................3811.4.13 能源系统节能控制技术 ...........................................................................................3811.4.14 独立除湿空调节电技术 ...........................................................................................3811.4.15 各种辐射型采暖空调末端装置节能技术 ...............................................................3811.4.16 建筑热电冷联产技术 ...............................................................................................3811.4.17 相变贮能技术 ...........................................................................................................3812 建筑节能的设计工作 .........................................................................................................3912.1 优化建筑整体设计 .........................................................................................................3912.1.1 合理选择建筑的地址、采取合理的外部环境设计 .................................................4012.1.2 合理设计建筑朝向和平面形状 .................................................................................4012.1.3 合理规划空间布局及控制体型系数 .........................................................................4012.1.4 合理绿化 .....................................................................................................................4112.2 单体的节能设计 .............................................................................................................4112.2.1 建筑各部位的节能构造设计 .....................................................................................4112.2.2 合理的建筑空间设计 .................................................................................................4212.2.3 选用建筑节能材料合理 .............................................................................................4212.3 建筑形体设计 .................................................................................................................4212.4 建筑及其配套系统设计 .................................................................................................4312.5 屋面构造设计 .................................................................................................................4312.6 墙体设计 .........................................................................................................................4313 建筑节能的措施 .................................................................................................................4413.1 门窗的节能技术措施 .....................................................................................................4413.1.1 尽量减少门窗的面积 .................................................................................................4413.1.2 设置遮阳设施 .............................................................................................................4513.1.3 提高门窗的气密性 .....................................................................................................4513.1.4 尽量使用新型保温节能门窗 .....................................................................................4513.1.5 门窗节能工程材料 .....................................................................................................45413.2 屋顶绿化 .........................................................................................................................4513.3 屋顶太阳能 .....................................................................................................................4713.4 冷屋顶 .............................................................................................................................4713.5 屋面节能工程 .................................................................................................................4713.5.1 蓄水屋面 .....................................................................................................................4713.5.2 倒置式屋面 .................................................................................................................4813.6 空调系统节能技术措施 .................................................................................................4813.6.1 降低系统的设计负荷 .................................................................................................4813.6.2 冷热源节能 .................................................................................................................4813.6.3 减少输送系统的动力能耗 .........................................................................................4813.7 利用冷却塔供冷 .............................................................................................................4813.8 蓄冷措施 .........................................................................................................................4813.9 地热资源的应用 .............................................................................................................4813.9.1 地热地板 .....................................................................................................................4813.9.2 地源热泵中央空调 .....................................................................................................4913.10 照明节能措施 ...............................................................................................................4913.10.1 要合理选用照明灯具 ...............................................................................................4913.10.2 充分利用自然光 .......................................................................................................4913.10.3 加强照明用电管理 ...................................................................................................4913.11 外围环境节能措施 .......................................................................................................5013.11.1 小区内的绿地率 .......................................................................................................5013.11.2 有条件的地域可以建设湿地 ...................................................................................5013.11..3 加强环境保护宣传教育 .........................................................................................5013.12 围护结构的隔热保温措施 ...........................................................................................5013.13 建筑装饰节能措施 .......................................................................................................5113.13.1 建筑装饰装修的建造环境 .......................................................................................5113.13.2 建筑装饰装修节能的几个环节 ...............................................................................5213.13.2.1 进行装修的节能设计 ...........................................................................................5213.13.2.2 推广使用节能材料和产品 ...................................................................................5213.13.2.3 施工管理环节 .......................................................................................................5213.13. 3 建筑装饰装修的节能施工及改造的重点 .............................................................5213.13.3.1 墙体、屋面、地面、门窗等节能工程 ...............................................................5313.13.3.3 配电与照明 ...........................................................................................................5313.13.3.4 水资源应用 ...........................................................................................................5413.13.4 倡导“低碳环保” ...................................................................................................5413.13.4.1 减少装修铝材使用量 ...........................................................................................5413.13.4.2 减少装修钢材使用量 ...........................................................................................5413.13.4.3 减少装修木材使用量 ...........................................................................................5413.13.4.4 减少建筑陶瓷使用量 ...........................................................................................5513.13.4.5 建筑给排水中节水 ...............................................................................................5513.13.4.5.1 采用新型卫生器具及配件 ...............................................................................5513.13.4.5.2 屋顶水箱浮球阀 ...............................................................................................5513.13.4.5.3 二次供水设备的选择 ................